| AD-related Neuroinflammation |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
2.5 or 10mg/kg |
Cannabidiol in vivo blunts β-amyloid induced neuroinflammation by suppressing IL-1β and iNOS expression |
|
| ADHD |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
Oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Improved Refractory Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in an Adolescent by Increasing Intracortical Inhibition: A Case Report |
|
| ADHD |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Improves behaviour (moderate) |
71ng/mL |
Cannabis improves symptoms of ADHD |
|
| ALS |
CBN (Cannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
5mg/kg |
Cannabinol delays symptom onset in SOD1 (G93A) transgenic mice without affecting survival |
|
| ALS |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
The CB2 cannabinoid agonist AM-1241 prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when initiated at symptom onset |
|
| Acne |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Anti-acne (major) |
NA |
Differential effectiveness of selected non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids on human sebocyte functions implicates their introduction in dry/seborrhoeic skin and acne treatment |
|
| Acute Lung Injury |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
20mg/kg |
Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic plant-derived cannabinoid, decreases inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury: Role for the adenosine A2A receptor |
|
| Acute Lung Injury |
Eucalyptol |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
100mg/kg,
200mg/kg,
400mg/kg |
Eucalyptol suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B pathway to exert anti-inflammatory effects in an acute lung inflammation model |
|
| Acute Pancreatitis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
0.5mg/kg |
Anti-inflammatory role of cannabidiol and O-1602 in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice |
|
| Acute Psychosocial Stress |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
7.5mg,
12.5mg |
Dose-related effects of delta-9-THC on emotional responses to acute psychosocial stress |
|
| Adult Aedes Aegypti (yellow fever mosquito) |
Eucalyptol |
Larvicidal (moderate) |
NA |
1,8-Cineole (Eucalyptol), a mosquito feeding and ovipositional repellent from volatile oil ofHemizonia fitchii (Asteraceae) |
|
| Aedes albopictus |
Geraniol |
Insect repellent (major) |
0.250μg/cm3 |
Host-Seeking and Blood-Feeding Behavior of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Exposed to Vapors of Geraniol, Citral, Citronellal, Eugenol, or Anisaldehyde |
|
| Airway hypersecretion |
Eucalyptol |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
200mg |
Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial |
|
| Algesic |
Limonene |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Involvement of transient receptor potential A1 channel in algesic and analgesic actions of the organic compound limonene |
|
| Alzheimer’s Disease |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
NA |
The potential therapeutic effects of THC on Alzheimer’s disease |
|
| Alzheimer’s Disease |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
Safety and Efficacy of Medical Cannabis Oil for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: An-Open Label, Add-On, Pilot Study. |
|
| Alzheimer’s Disease |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (minor) |
4.5mg |
Tetrahydrocannabinol for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: A randomized controlled trial. |
|
| Alzheimer’s Disease |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
The marijuana component cannabidiol inhibits β-amyloid-induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation through Wnt/β-catenin pathway rescue in PC12 cells |
|
| Alzheimer’s Disease |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
NA |
The potential therapeutic effects of THC on Alzheimer’s disease |
|
| Analgesic |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiglaucoma (moderate) |
NA |
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis |
|
| Analgesic |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
10mg |
Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial |
|
| Analgesic |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiglaucoma (moderate) |
2.7mg |
Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis |
|
| Anorexia |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Appetite Stimulant (major) |
NA |
Effects of Dronabinol on Anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease |
|
| Anorexia |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Appetite Stimulant (major) |
NA |
Effects of Dronabinol on Anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease |
|
| Anorexia |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Appetite Stimulant (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabis Use in Epilepsy and Anorexia- Two “N-of-One” Trials (P6.039) |
|
| Anorexia |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Appetite Stimulant (moderate) |
NA |
A double-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in primary anorexia nervosa |
|
| Anorexia |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Appetite Stimulant (moderate) |
NA |
A double-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in primary anorexia nervosa |
|
| Anorexia |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Appetite Stimulant (moderate) |
2.5mg |
A phase II study of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for appetite stimulation in cancer-associated anorexia |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
300mg |
Inverted U-Shaped Dose-Response Curve of the Anxiolytic Effect of Cannabidiol during Public Speaking in Real Life |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (major) |
600mg |
Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (major) |
400mg |
Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (major) |
600mg |
Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
32mg |
Cannabidiol enhances consolidation of explicit fear extinction in humans |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
NA |
Involvement of 5HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
15nmol,
30nmol,
60nmol |
The anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors |
|
| Anxiety |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (major) |
NA |
Effectiveness of Cannabidiol Oil for Pediatric Anxiety and Insomnia as Part of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report |
|
| Anxiety |
D-Limonene |
Neuroprotective (moderate) |
15.21% of mixture |
Neuropharmacological activities of phytoncide released from Cryptomeria japonica |
|
| Anxiety |
Limonene |
Anxiolytic (major) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
75mg/kg |
Evaluation of acute toxicity of a natural compound (+)-limonene epoxide and its anxiolytic-like action |
|
| Anxiety |
Limonene |
Anxiolytic (major) |
0.5% of mixture,
1.0% of mixture |
Anxiolytic-like activity and GC–MS analysis of (R)-(+)-limonene fragrance, a natural compound found in foods and plants |
|
| Anxiety |
Limonene |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
3.4mg/L,
6.7mg/L |
Differences in the effects of essential oil from Citrus junos and (+)-limonene on emotional behavior in mice |
|
| Anxiety |
Limonene |
Anxiolytic (major) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
75mg/kg |
Evaluation of acute toxicity of a natural compound (+)-limonene epoxide and its anxiolytic-like action |
|
| Anxiety |
Linalool |
Anxiolytic (major) |
NA |
Evaluation of anxiolytic potency of essential oil and S-(+)-linalool from Cinnamomum osmophloeum ct. linalool leaves in mice |
|
| Anxiety |
Linalool |
Anxiolytic (major) |
NA |
Evaluation of anxiolytic potency of essential oil and S-(+)-linalool from Cinnamomum osmophloeum ct. linalool leaves in mice |
|
| Anxiety |
Linalool |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
0.65% of mixture,
1.25% of mixture,
2.5% of mixture,
5.0% of mixture |
Anxiolytic-like effects of inhaled linalool oxide in experimental mouse anxiety models |
|
| Anxiety |
Linalool |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
NA |
Linalool and β-pinene exert their antidepressant-like activity through the monoaminergic pathway |
|
| Anxiety |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Anxiolytic (minor) |
7.5mg,
15mg |
Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on evaluation of emotional images |
|
| Anxiety |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoid facilitation of fear extinction memory recall in humans |
|
| Anxiety |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoid facilitation of fear extinction memory recall in humans |
|
| Anxiety |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
NA |
Expression of BDNF and TH mRNA in the Brain Following Inhaled Administration of α-Pinene |
|
| Appetite Loss |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Appetite Stimulant (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabidiol attenuates the appetitive effects of Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans smoking their chosen cannabis |
|
| Arthritis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiarthritic (major) |
5mg/kg,
25mg/kg |
The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis |
|
| Arthritis |
Camphor |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Study on antiinflammatory effect of different chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora on rat arthritis model induced by Freund’s adjuvant |
|
| Asthma |
Geraniol |
Antiasthma (major) |
100 or 200mg/kg |
Effect of treatment with geraniol on ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice |
|
| Asthma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Bronchodilating activity (moderate) |
500mg |
Acute effects of smoked marijuana and oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on specific airway conductance in asthmatic subjects |
|
| Asthma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Bronchodilating activity (moderate) |
20mg |
Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced asthma |
|
| Asthma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Bronchodilating activity (moderate) |
15mg |
Bronchodilator effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol administered by aerosol of asthmatic patients |
|
| Asthma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Bronchodilating activity (moderate) |
15mg |
Bronchodilator effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol administered by aerosol of asthmatic patients |
|
| Atherosclerosis |
Geraniol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
100mg/kg |
Geraniol attenuates fibrosis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on diet induced atherogenesis by NF-κB signaling pathway |
|
| Autonomic nerve activity, mood states |
Linalool |
Sedative (moderate) |
NA |
Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(−)-linalool, one of its (major) odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
50μg/ml |
Antibacterial activity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
NA |
Antibacterial Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: A Structure−Activity Study |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
50μg/mL |
Antibacterial activity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Caryophyllene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
10.54% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Plants from Burkina Faso |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Caryophyllene |
Antibacterial (minor) |
10-35% of mixture |
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from verbenaceae species: alternative sources of (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene-D |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Caryophyllene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
19.08% of mixture |
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Centella asiatica. Growing in South Africa |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Caryophyllene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
35.3% of mixture |
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Oil of Neolitsea foliosa (Nees) Gamble var. caesia (Meisner) Gamble |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Caryophyllene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
27% of mixture |
Corresponding Author: Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Lantana camara L |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Caryophyllene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
10.54% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Plants from Burkina Faso |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Fenchol (Fenchyl alcohol) |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
NA |
Screening of antibacterial activities of twenty-one oxygenated monoterpenes |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Geranyl Acetate |
Antibacterial (major) |
7.6% of mixture |
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Properties of Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaoubardii Oils: Three Chemotypes in the Same Population |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Humulene |
Antibacterial (major) |
14.21% of mixture |
In vitro antibacterial properties of essential oil and organic extracts of Premna integrifolia Linn |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Myrcene |
Antibacterial (major) |
NA |
New insights into antibacterial and antioxidant activities of rosemary essential oils and their main components |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Ocimene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
NA |
Antibacterial activity of Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with different chemical composition |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Ocimene |
Antibacterial (major) |
0.03–40.49% of mixture |
Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of Pistacia terebinthus essential oils derived from wild populations in Kosovo |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Ocimene |
Antibacterial (major) |
23.9% of mixture |
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Astronium graveolens Jacq essential oil |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
Ocimene |
Antibacterial (major) |
0.03–40.49% of mixture |
Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of Pistacia terebinthus essential oils derived from wild populations in Kosovo |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
0.25–1.25mM |
Carvacrol and p-cymene inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple juice |
|
| Bacterial Contamination |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Antibacterial (major) |
α-pinene (19.43%),
β-pinene (6.71%) |
Antibacterial Activity and Anticancer Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil Compared to That of Its Main Components |
|
| Botrytis Cinerea |
Terpinolene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
NA |
Antifungal modes of action of tea tree oil and its two characteristic components against Botrytis cinerea |
|
| Brain Injury |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
300mg |
Comparison of Cannabidiol, Antioxidants, and Diuretics in Reversing Binge Ethanol-Induced Neurotoxicity |
|
| Brain Injury |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
NA |
Neuroprotective Effects of the Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoid Cannabidiol in Hypoxic-Ischemic Newborn Piglets |
|
| Brain Injury |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
NA |
The neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol in an in vitro model of newborn hypoxic–ischemic brain damage in mice is mediated by CB2 and adenosine receptors |
|
| Brain Injury |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
300mg |
Comparison of Cannabidiol, Antioxidants, and Diuretics in Reversing Binge Ethanol-Induced Neurotoxicity |
|
| Brain tumour |
Terpinolene |
Anticancer (moderate) |
10mg/L,
25mg/L,
50mg/L,
100mg/L,
200mg/L,
400mg/L |
Anticancer and Antioxidant Properties of Terpinolene in Rat Brain Cells |
|
| Breast Cancer |
Linalool |
Anticancer (moderate) |
NA |
Linalool, a plant-derived monoterpene alcohol, reverses doxorubicin resistance in human breast adenocarcinoma cells |
|
| Breast Cancer |
Terpinolene |
Anticancer (major) |
8.4% of mixture |
Essential oil constituents, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of Ficus mucoso and Casuarina equisetifolia leaves |
|
| Breast Cancer |
α-Terpineol |
Breast cancer (moderate) |
5.4μg/mL |
The effect of a-terpineol on cell cycle, apoptosis and Bcl-2 family protein expression of breast cancer cell line MCF-7 |
|
| Breathing Difficulties |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidyspnoea (moderate) |
10mg |
Cannabinoid effects on ventilation and breathlessness: A pilot study of efficacy and safety |
|
| Breathing Difficulties |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Bronchodilating activity (moderate) |
20mg |
Acute and subacute bronchial effects of oral cannabinoids |
|
| Buccal bacteria |
Geraniol |
Chemopreventive (major) |
250mg/kg |
Chemopreventive efficacy of geraniol against 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis |
|
| Buccal bacteria |
α-trans-Bergamotene |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
29.9% of mixture |
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from leaves and flowers of Eugenia klotzschiana Berg (Myrtaceae) |
|
| CBD(Cannabidiol) |
Cancer |
Antitumor (moderate) |
0.5mg |
Antitumor Effects of Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoid, on Human Glioma Cell Lines |
|
| CBD(Cannabidiol) |
Cancer |
Antitumor (major) |
NA |
Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and inhibition of EGF/EGFR pathway: Novel anti-tumor mechanisms of Cannabidiol in breast cancer |
|
| CBD(Cannabidiol) |
Cancer |
Antitumor (moderate) |
50mM |
Cannabidiol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Compound, Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion in U87-MG and T98G Glioma Cells through a Multitarget Effect |
|
| CBD(Cannabidiol) |
Cancer |
Antitumor (moderate) |
NA |
Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer |
|
| CBD(Cannabidiol) |
Cancer |
Antitumor (major) |
NA |
Antitumor Activity of Plant Cannabinoids with Emphasis on the Effect of Cannabidiol on Human Breast Carcinoma |
|
| CBD(Cannabidiol) |
Cancer |
Antitumor (moderate) |
100mM |
Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma cell migration through a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism |
|
| Cancer |
Borneol |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
Natural Borneol, a Monoterpenoid Compound, Potentiates Selenocystine-Induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Enhancement of Cellular Uptake and Activation of ROS-Mediated DNA Damage |
|
| Cancer |
Borneol |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
Natural borneol enhances bisdemethoxycurcumin-induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through up-regulation of intracellular ROS in HepG2 cells |
|
| Cancer |
Borneol |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
Natural Borneol, a Monoterpenoid Compound, Potentiates Selenocystine-Induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Enhancement of Cellular Uptake and Activation of ROS-Mediated DNA Damage |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antitumor (major) |
NA |
Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and inhibition of EGF/EGFR pathway: Novel anti-tumor mechanisms of Cannabidiol in breast cancer |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticancer (moderate) |
NA |
Antineoplastic Activity of Cannabinoids |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
The Combination of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Enhances the Anticancer Effects of Radiation in an Orthotopic Murine Glioma Model |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
The Combination of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Enhances the Anticancer Effects of Radiation in an Orthotopic Murine Glioma Model |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiproliferative (moderate) |
1–10μM |
Non-THC cannabinoids inhibit prostate carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo: pro-apoptotic effects and underlying mechanisms |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticancer (major) |
0.5 to 7.0μl/ml |
In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Plant-Derived Cannabidiol on Prostate Cancer Cell Lines |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiproliferative (minor) |
NA |
Physiological intestinal oxygen modulates the Caco-2 cell model and increases sensitivity to the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol |
|
| Cancer |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiproliferative (moderate) |
1–10μM |
Non-THC cannabinoids inhibit prostate carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo: pro-apoptotic effects and underlying mechanisms |
|
| Cancer |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Anticancer (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabidiolic acid, a (major) cannabinoid in fiber-type cannabis, is an inhibitor of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration |
|
| Cancer |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antitumor (moderate) |
31.31μ/mL |
Synthesis and antitumor activity of cannabigerol |
|
| Cancer |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antitumor (major) |
NA |
Boron trifluoride etherate on silica-A modified lewis acid reagent (VII). Antitumor activity of cannabigerol against human oral epitheloid carcinoma cells |
|
| Cancer |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antitumor (major) |
NA |
Boron trifluoride etherate on silica-A modified lewis acid reagent (VII). Antitumor activity of cannabigerol against human oral epitheloid carcinoma cells |
|
| Cancer |
Caryophyllene |
Anticancer (major) |
10.54% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Plants from Burkina Faso |
|
| Cancer |
Caryophyllene |
Anticancer (major) |
10.54% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Plants from Burkina Faso |
|
| Cancer |
Caryophyllene |
Anticancer (moderate) |
7.8–500lg/mL |
Effects of β-caryophyllene and Murraya paniculata essential oil in the murine hepatoma cells and in the bacteria and fungi 24-h time–kill curve studies |
|
| Cancer |
Caryophyllene oxide |
Anticancer (moderate) |
17.9% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Plants from Burkina Faso |
|
| Cancer |
Humulene |
Antitumor (moderate) |
NA |
Antitumor activity of balsam fir oil: production of reactive oxygen species induced by alpha-humulene as possible mechanism of action |
|
| Cancer |
Humulene |
Anticancer (major) |
32μg/mL |
Potentiating effect of β-caryophyllene on anticancer activity of α-humulene, isocaryophyllene and paclitaxel |
|
| Cancer |
Linalool |
Antitumor (moderate) |
NA |
Linalool Exhibits Cytotoxic Effects by Activating Antitumor Immunity |
|
| Cancer |
Terpineol |
Anticancer (moderate) |
3 or 6mM |
α Terpineol: A Potential Anticancer Agent which Acts through Suppressing NF-κB Signalling |
|
| Cancer |
Terpineol |
Antiproliferative (moderate) |
NA |
Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of bioflavors |
|
| Cancer |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Anticancer (major) |
α-pinene (19.43%),
β-pinene (6.71%) |
Antibacterial Activity and Anticancer Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil Compared to That of Its Main Components |
|
| Cardiovascular Complications |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Cardiac Proctection (major) |
NA |
Cannabidiol Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Inflammatory and Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy |
|
| Central neuropathic pain |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
25mg/mL |
Oromucosal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: An uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial |
|
| Cerebral Ischemic Injury |
Caryophyllene |
Neuroprotective (major) |
10mg/kg |
Protective Effect of β-Caryophyllene, a Natural Bicyclic Sesquiterpene, Against Cerebral Ischemic Injury |
|
| Certain forms of the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes |
Myrcene |
Antimutagenic (minor) |
1,
000μg/ml |
Evaluation of the mutagenicity of β-myrcene in mammalian cells in vitro |
|
| Cervical cancer |
Camphene |
Anticancer (moderate) |
NA |
The in-vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil grown in Tunisia |
|
| Cervical cancer |
Camphene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
The in-vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil grown in Tunisia |
|
| Cervical cancer |
α-Terpineol |
Cytotoxicity (moderate) |
12.46μg/mL,
13.12μg/mL |
Cytotoxicity of α-terpineol in HeLa cell line and its effects to apoptosis and cell cycle |
|
| Chronic Pain |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (minor) |
2.5–20mg/kg,
20mg/kg |
The non-psychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an orally effective therapeutic agent in rat chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain |
|
| Chronic inflammatory disorders |
Menthol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
The anti-inflammatory activity of L-menthol compared to mint oil in human monocytes in vitro: a novel perspective for its therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases |
|
| Chronic myelogenus leukemia |
α-Terpineol |
Antiproliferative (major) |
12.66% of mixture |
Phytochemical analysis, antiproliferative against k562 humam chronic myelogenus leukemia, antiviral and hypoglycaemic activities of cedrus species and medicinal plants native from Libanon |
|
| Cold and mechanical hyperalgesia |
Phellandrene |
Antihyperalgesia (moderate) |
11mg/kg |
Antihyperalgesic and antidepressive actions of (R)-(+)-limonene, α-phellandrene, and essential oil from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits in a neuropathic pain model |
|
| Colitis |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
The cannabinoid TRPA1 agonist cannabichromene inhibits nitric oxide production in macrophages and ameliorates murine colitis |
|
| Colitis |
Eucalyptol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
200mg/kg,
400mg/kg |
1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), a monoterpene oxide attenuates the colonic damage in rats on acute TNBS-colitis |
|
| Colon cancer |
Linalool |
Anticancer (moderate) |
100μg/kg,
200μg/kg |
Anticancer effect of linalool via cancer-specific hydroxyl radical generation in human colon cancer |
|
| Crohn’s Disease |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiinflammatory (minor) |
115mg |
Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn’s disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study |
|
| Dementia |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotective (moderate) |
3mg |
Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on balance and gait in patients with dementia: A randomised controlled crossover trial |
|
| Depression |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antidepressant (major) |
20mg/kg,
40mg/kg,
80mg/kg |
Antidepressant-like effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. |
|
| Depression |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
30mg/kg |
Antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptors |
|
| Depression |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
15mg/kg,
30mg/kg,
45mg/kg |
Prohedonic Effect of Cannabidiol in a Rat Model of Depression |
|
| Depression |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
30mg/kg |
Antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptors |
|
| Depression |
Camphor |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
4.91% of mixture |
An Investigation of Anti-Depressant Activity of Cinnamomum Camphora Oil in Experimental Mice |
|
| Depression |
Caryophyllene |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
50mg/kg |
β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice |
|
| Depression |
Caryophyllene |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
50mg/kg,
100mg/kg,
200mg/kg |
The anxiolytic-like effect of an essential oil derived from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves and its major component, β-caryophyllene, in male mice |
|
| Depression |
Caryophyllene |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
50mg/kg |
β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice |
|
| Depression |
Linalool |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
50mg/kg,
160mg/kg,
500mg/kg |
Subchronic Administration of Linalool Decreases Depressive-Like Behaviour in Restrained Rats |
|
| Depression |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
NA |
Linalool and β-pinene exert their antidepressant-like activity through the monoaminergic pathway |
|
| Dermatitis, Skin lesion |
D-Limonene |
Skin Repair (major) |
NA |
Skin Repair Properties of d-Limonene and Perillyl Alcohol in Murine Models |
|
| Dermatophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans |
Sabinene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
29% of mixture |
Antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oenanthe crocata L. essential oil |
|
| Diabetes |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidiabetic (moderate) |
100mg |
Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study |
|
| Diabetes |
D-Limonene |
Antidiabetic (moderate) |
NA |
Protective Effects of d-Limonene on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzymes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats |
|
| Diabetes |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Antidiabetic (moderate) |
5mg |
Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study |
|
| Diabetic Complications |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Cannabidiol Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Inflammatory and Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy |
|
| Diabetic Complications(Diabetic cardiomyopathy) |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Cannabidiol Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Inflammatory and Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy |
|
| Diabetic Complications(Diabetic cardiomyopathy) |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Cannabidiol attenuates high glucose-induced endothelial cell inflammatory response and barrier disruption |
|
| Dystonia |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidystonic and Parkinsonism-aggravating (moderate) |
100 to 600mg |
Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders |
|
| Dystonia |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidystonic (moderate) |
200mg |
Cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders |
|
| Edema |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Anti-inflammatory properties of cannabichromene |
|
| Edema |
Eucalyptol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1,8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils |
|
| Edema |
Humulene |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds alpha-humulene and (−)-trans-caryophyllene isolated from the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea |
|
| Edema |
Isopulegol |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
22.02% of mixture |
In Vivo Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Melissa officinalis L. Essential Oil |
|
| Edema |
Limonene |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
75mg/kg |
Physio-pharmacological Investigations About the Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Efficacy of (+)-Limonene Epoxide |
|
| Edema |
Linalool |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
α-Pinene, linalool, and 1-octanol contribute to the topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of frankincense by inhibiting COX-2 |
|
| Edema |
Phytol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
7.5mg/kg,
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
75mg/kg |
Phytol, a diterpene alcohol, inhibits the inflammatory response by reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress |
|
| Edema |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiinflammatory (minor) |
NA |
Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat |
|
| Edema |
Terpineol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
A Study on Anti-Inflammatory and Peripheral Analgesic Action of Salvia sclarea Oil and Its Main Components |
|
| Edema |
Δ-3-Carene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Pharmacological activity of the essential oil of Bupleurum gibraltaricum: anti-inflammatory activity and effects on isolated rat uteri |
|
| Edema |
α-Bisabolol |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of (−)-α-bisabolol in rodents |
|
| Edema |
α-Terpineol |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
6.2% of mixture |
Chemical constituents and antiinflammatory activity of leaf essential oil of Nigerian grown Chenopodium album L. |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
120mg/kg,
240mg/kg,
480mg/kg |
Biological Activity of Cannabichromene, its Homologs and Isomers |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Anti-inflammatory properties of cannabichromene |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
Eucalyptol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 8 channels mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of eucalyptol |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
Eucalyptol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1,8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
Isopulegol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Anotinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of Isopulegol and possible mechanisms of action in rodents |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
Isopulegol |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
22.02% of mixture |
In Vivo Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Melissa officinalis L. Essential Oil |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
Δ-3-Carene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Pharmacological activity of the essential oil of Bupleurum gibraltaricum: anti-inflammatory activity and effects on isolated rat uteri |
|
| Edema(carrageenin-induced) |
Δ-3-Carene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Comparative study of different essential oils of Bupleurum gibraltaricum Lamarck |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (major) |
5mg,
10mg,
15mg |
Physiologic observations in a controlled clinical trial of the antiemetic effectiveness of 5, 10, and 15 mg of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cancer chemotherapy. Ophthalmologic implications |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (minor) |
NA |
THC or Compazine for the cancer chemotherapy patient–the UCLA study. Part II: Patient drug preference |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Intractable nausea and vomiting due to gastrointestinal mucosal metastases relieved by tetrahydrocannabinol (Dronabinol) |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Comparative trial of the antiemetic effects of THC and haloperidol |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
18mg/m2 |
An efficient new cannabinoid antiemetic in pediatric oncology |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
5.0ng/mL,
5.0 to 10.0ng/mL,
10.0ng/mL |
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
15mg |
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic for patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. A comparison with prochlorperazine and a placebo |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
The antiemetic activity of tetrahydrocanabinol versus metoclopramide and thiethylperazine in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer: a randomized comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
A prospective evaluation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in patients receiving adriamycin and cytoxan chemotherapy |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
15mg |
Antiemetic efficacy of levonantradol compared to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
15mg/m2 |
Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractory to standard anti-emetic therapy |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an Antiemetic in Cancer Patients Receiving High-Dose Methotrexate: A Prospective, Randomized Evaluation |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
10mg/m2 |
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol delays the gastric emptying of solid food in humans: a double-blind, randomized study |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer: a randomized comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (major) |
NA |
Antiemetic effect of tetrahydrocannabinol. Compared with placebo and prochlorperazine in chemotherapy-associated nausea and emesis |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (major) |
5mg,
10mg,
15mg |
Physiologic observations in a controlled clinical trial of the antiemetic effectiveness of 5, 10, and 15 mg of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cancer chemotherapy. Ophthalmologic implications |
|
| Emetic activity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiepileptic (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) in the Acute and Chronic Phases |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiepileptic (moderate) |
200-300mg |
Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiepileptic (moderate) |
5 – 50mg/kg |
Cannabidiol as a new treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiepileptic (moderate) |
2-5mg/kg,
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg |
Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiepileptic (moderate) |
1 to 20mg/kg |
CBD-enriched medical cannabis for intractable pediatric epilepsy: The current Israeli experience |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiepileptic (moderate) |
200-300mg |
Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticonvulsant (major) |
1mg/kg,
10mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
Cannabidiol exerts anti-convulsant effects in animal models of temporal lobe and partial seizures |
|
| Epilepsy |
CBDV (Cannabidivarin) |
Anticonvulsant (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabis in epilepsy: From clinical practice to basic research focusing on the possible role of cannabidivarin |
|
| Epilepsy |
Linalool |
Anticonvulsant (moderate) |
NA |
Anticonvulsant properties of linalool in glutamate-related seizure models |
|
| Epilepsy |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Anticonvulsant (moderate) |
0.25mg/kg |
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin suppresses in vitro epileptiform and in vivo seizure activity in adult rats |
|
| Epilepsy (Seizure state) |
CBDV (Cannabidivarin) |
Anticonvulsant (moderate) |
50–422mg/kg |
Cannabidivarin-rich cannabis extracts are anticonvulsant in mouse and rat via a CB1 receptor-independent mechanism |
|
| Epilepsy (Seizure state) |
CBDV (Cannabidivarin) |
Anticonvulsant (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabis in epilepsy: From clinical practice to basic research focusing on the possible role of cannabidivarin |
|
| Epilepsy (Seizure state) |
CBDV (Cannabidivarin) |
Anticonvulsant (moderate) |
400mg/kg |
Cannabidivarin (CBDV) suppresses pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced increases in epilepsy-related gene expression |
|
| Epilepsy(Seizure state) |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticonvulsant (major) |
1mg/kg,
10mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
Cannabidiol exerts anti-convulsant effects in animal models of temporal lobe and partial seizures |
|
| Epilepsy(Seizure state) |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticonvulsant (minor) |
NA |
Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy–from receptors to clinical response |
|
| Facial Emotion Recognition |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Improves recognition of emotional facial (moderate) |
16mg |
Acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and their combination on facial emotion recognition: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in cannabis users |
|
| Food-related microorganisms |
D-Limonene |
Antimicrobial (major) |
NA |
Effects of nisin on the antimicrobial activity of d-limonene and its nanoemulsion |
|
| Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antileukemic (major) |
200mg/kg |
Antineoplastic Activity of Cannabinoids |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Borneol |
Antifungal (major) |
36.5% of mixture |
Borneol-grafted cellulose for antifungal adhesion and fungal growth inhibition |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
D-Limonene |
Antifungal (major) |
56% of mixture,
57.5% of mixture |
Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
D-Limonene |
Antifungal (major) |
NA |
Rapid Evaluation of Plant Extracts and Essential Oils for Antifungal Activity Against Botrytis cinerea |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
D-Limonene |
Antifungal (minor) |
56% of mixture,
57.5% of mixture |
Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Farnesene |
Antifungal (major) |
14.6–16.4% of mixture |
Chemical Composition and in vitro Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils from Leaves and Flowers of Erigeron floribundus (H.B. et K.) Sch. Bip. From Cameroon |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Myrcene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
47.7–84.6% of mixture |
Essential oils from Distichoselinum tenuifolium: Chemical composition, cytotoxicity, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Nerolidol |
Antifungal (major) |
NA |
Evaluation of antifungal activity in essential oil of the Syzygium aromaticum (L.) by extraction, purification and analysis of its main component eugenol |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Ocimene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
30.4% of mixture |
Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Angelica (major) against Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Ocimene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
30.4% of mixture |
Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Angelica major against Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Ocimene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
25.11% of mixture |
Chemical composition of essential oil from leaves of litsea cubeba and its antifungal activities |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
1000ppm |
Studies on Antifungal Properties of Essential Oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
1000ppm |
Studies on Antifungal Properties of Essential Oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
NA |
Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Phellandrene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
1.7mL/L,
1.8mL/L |
Anti-fungal activity, mechanism studies on α-Phellandrene and Nonanal against Penicillium cyclopium |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Sabinene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
26.2% of mixture |
Essential Oil of Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Suter) Čelak Needles: Chemical Composition, Antifungal Activity and Cytotoxicity |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Sabinene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
31.1% of mixture |
In Vivo Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Bupleurum gibraltarium against Plasmopara halstedii in Sunflower |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Sabinene |
Antifungal (minor) |
29% of mixture |
Antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oenanthe crocata L. essential oil |
|
| Fungal Contamination |
Sabinene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
31.1% of mixture |
In Vivo Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Bupleurum gibraltarium against Plasmopara halstedii in Sunflower |
|
| Gastric ulcer |
Isopulegol |
Gastroprotective (moderate) |
NA |
Gastroprotective activity of isopulegol on experimentally induced gastric lesions in mice: investigation of possible mechanisms of action |
|
| Gastric ulcer |
Limonene |
Gastroprotective (major) |
NA |
Gastroprotective mechanisms of Citrus lemon (Rutaceae) essential oil and its (major)ity compounds limonene and β-pinene: Involvement of heat-shock protein-70, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glutathione, sulfhydryl compounds, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 |
|
| Gastric ulcer |
α-Bisabolol |
Gastroprotective (minor) |
NA |
(−)-α-Bisabolol-induced gastroprotection is associated with reduction in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity and neutrophil migration |
|
| Gastric ulcer |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Gastroprotective (moderate) |
NA |
Gastroprotective effect of alpha-pinene and its correlation with antiulcerogenic activity of essential oils obtained from Hyptis species |
|
| Glaucoma |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiglaucoma (minor) |
20mg,
40mg |
Effect of Sublingual Application of Cannabinoids on Intraocular Pressure: A Pilot Study |
|
| Glaucoma |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antiglaucoma (moderate) |
NA |
A Comparison of the Ocular and Central Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabigerol |
|
| Glaucoma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiglaucoma (moderate) |
2.8% of mixture |
Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on arterial and intraocular hypertension |
|
| Glaucoma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiglaucoma (minor) |
12mg |
Marijuana smoking and reduced pressure in human eyes: drug action or epiphenomenon? |
|
| Glaucoma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiglaucoma (moderate) |
2.8% of mixture |
Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on arterial and intraocular hypertension |
|
| Glaucoma |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiglaucoma (minor) |
0.4% of mixture |
Topical delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aqueous dynamics in glaucoma |
|
| Glioblastoma multiforme |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
A Combined Preclinical Therapy of Cannabinoids and Temozolomide against Glioma |
|
| Glioblastoma multiforme |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antitumor (moderate) |
NA |
A pilot clinical study of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme |
|
| Glioblastoma multiforme |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
A Combined Preclinical Therapy of Cannabinoids and Temozolomide against Glioma |
|
| Glutamate induced pain |
Linalool |
Antinociceptive (minor) |
NA |
Evidence for the involvement of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors on the antinociceptive effect of (−)-linalool in mice |
|
| HIV-infected |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Appetite Stimulant (moderate) |
NA |
A pilot study of the effects of cannabis on appetite hormones in HIV-infected adult men |
|
| HaCaT keratinocytes |
Sabinene |
Cytotoxicity (minor) |
26.2% of mixture |
Essential Oil of Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Suter) Čelak Needles: Chemical Composition, Antifungal Activity and Cytotoxicity |
|
| Halatosis |
α-Bisabolol |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
NA |
The antimicrobial activity of alpha-bisabolol and tea tree oil against Solobacterium moorei, a Gram-positive bacterium associated with halitosis |
|
| Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Terpineol |
Anticancer (moderate) |
10mg/kg,
20mg/kg |
4-Terpineol exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects in Hep-G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells by suppressing cell migration and inducing apoptosis and sub-G1 cell cycle arrest |
|
| High heart rate and upset mood |
Linalool |
Sedative (moderate) |
NA |
Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its (major) odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states |
|
| House fly (Musca domestica L.) |
Pulegone |
Insecticide (minor) |
69.70% of mixture |
Insecticidal activity of essential oils from native medicinal plants of Central Argentina against the house fly, Musca domestica (L.) |
|
| House fly(Musca domestica L.) |
Pulegone |
Insecticide (minor) |
69.70% of mixture |
Insecticidal activity of essential oils from native medicinal plants of Central Argentina against the house fly, Musca domestica (L.) |
|
| House fly(Musca domestica L.) |
Pulegone |
Insecticide (minor) |
67.5% of mixture |
Molecular response of Musca domestica L. to Mintostachys verticillata essential oil, (4R)(+)-pulegone and menthone |
|
| Human chronic ulcers |
D-Limonene |
Healing property (moderate) |
245mg/kg |
Healing actions of essential oils from Citrus aurantium and d-limonene in the gastric mucosa: the roles of VEGF, PCNA, and COX-2 in cell proliferation |
|
| Human immune diseases |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Immunosuppressive (moderate) |
NA |
A Cannabigerol Derivative Suppresses Immune Responses and Protects Mice from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis |
|
| Huntington’s Disease |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotective (moderate) |
10mg/kg |
Controlled clincal trial of cannabidiol in Huntington’s disease |
|
| Huntington’s Disease |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
VCE-003.2, a novel cannabigerol derivative, enhances neuronal progenitor cell survival and alleviates symptomatology in murine models of Huntington’s disease |
|
| Huntington’s Disease |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
Neuroprotective Properties of Cannabigerol in Huntington’s Disease: Studies in R6/2 Mice and 3-Nitropropionate-lesioned Mice |
|
| Huntington’s Disease |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
VCE-003.2, a novel cannabigerol derivative, enhances neuronal progenitor cell survival and alleviates symptomatology in murine models of Huntington’s disease |
|
| Hyperalgesia |
Limonene |
Antihyperalgesic (moderate) |
10mg/kg |
Limonene modulates the hyperalgesia and depressive-like behaviour through IL-1 and NFB regulation in mice |
|
| Hyperalgesia |
Myrcene |
Analgesic (minor) |
NA |
Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea |
|
| Hyperalgesia |
P-Cymene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
The anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory profiles of p-cymene: Evidence for the involvement of opioid system and cytokines |
|
| Hyperalgesia |
P-Cymene |
Antihyperalgesic (moderate) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
The anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory profiles of p-cymene: Evidence for the involvement of opioid system and cytokines |
|
| Hyperlipidemic |
Camphene |
Antihyperlipidemic (moderate) |
30μg/gr |
Camphene, a Plant-Derived Monoterpene, Reduces Plasma Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Hyperlipidemic Rats Independently of HMG-CoA Reductase Activity |
|
| Hyperlocomotion |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antipsychotic (moderate) |
15–60mg/kg |
Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperlocomotion induced by psychotomimetic drugs in mice |
|
| Hypernociception |
Phellandrene |
Antinociceptive (major) |
50mg/kg |
Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperlocomotion induced by psychotomimetic drugs in mice |
|
| Immobility |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
10–60nmol |
Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex—Possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors |
|
| Immobility |
Limonene |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
10mg/kg |
Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex—Possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors |
|
| Immobility |
Phellandrene |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
10mg/kg |
Antihyperalgesic and antidepressive actions of (R)-(+)-limonene, α-phellandrene, and essential oil from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits in a neuropathic pain model |
|
| Immobility |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
2.5mg/kg |
Antidepressant-like effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. |
|
| Immune System related diseases |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Auto-immunity (moderate) |
2.5 or 5mg/kg |
Cannabidiol-induced Lymphopenia does not involve NKT and NK Cells |
|
| Inflammation |
Borneol |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Analgesic and Anti-inflammation Effect of Borneol |
|
| Inflammation |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
10mg/kg |
Inhibitory effect of cannabichromene, a (major) non-psychotropic cannabinoid extracted from Cannabis sativa, on inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice |
|
| Inflammation |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
5–40mg/kg |
Oral anti-inflammatory activity of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis, in acute carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat paw |
|
| Inflammation |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Evaluation of the Cyclooxygenase Inhibiting Effects of Six Major Cannabinoids Isolated from Cannabis sativa |
|
| Inflammation |
Camphene |
Antinociceptive (major) |
NA |
Antinociceptive Activity and Redox Profile of the Monoterpenes (+)-Camphene, p-Cymene, and Geranyl Acetate in Experimental Models |
|
| Inflammation |
Caryophyllene oxide |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
12.5mg/kg,
25mg/kg |
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Caryophyllene oxide from Annona squamosa L. bark |
|
| Inflammation |
Linalool |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Anti-inflammatory effects of linalool in RAW 264.7 macrophages and lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury model |
|
| Inflammation |
Myrcene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
47.7–84.6% of mixture |
Essential oils from Distichoselinum tenuifolium: Chemical composition, cytotoxicity, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties |
|
| Inflammation |
P-Cymene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Properties of p-Cymene in Mice |
|
| Inflammation |
Sabinene |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
29% of mixture |
Antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oenanthe crocata L. essential oil |
|
| Inflammation |
α-Bisabolol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Inhibitory effects of (-)-α-bisabolol on LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages |
|
| Inflammation |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
α-Pinene Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity Through the Suppression of MAPKs and the NF-κB Pathway in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages |
|
| Inflammation-induced hypermotility |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabidiolic Acid as a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory Component in Cannabis |
|
| Inflammation-induced hypermotility |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiinflammatory (minor) |
2μM |
Evaluation of the Cyclooxygenase Inhibiting Effects of Six Major Cannabinoids Isolated from Cannabis sativa |
|
| Insomnia |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Improve Sleep (moderate) |
25mg,
6 to 12mg |
Effectiveness of Cannabidiol Oil for Pediatric Anxiety and Insomnia as Part of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report |
|
| Intestinal inflammation |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Chronic Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Induces Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory MicroRNA Expression during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques |
|
| Irritable bowel syndrome |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease |
|
| Ischaemia-reperfusion injury |
THCV Tetrahydrocannabivarin |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabivarin prevents hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through cannabinoid CB2 receptors |
|
| LPS-stimulated human macrophages |
Terpineol-4-ol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol (tea tree oil components) inhibit the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 on human macrophages |
|
| Leishmania species |
Nerolidol |
Antileishmanial (moderate) |
100μM |
Antileishmanial Activity of the Terpene Nerolidol |
|
| Leishmania species |
Nerolidol |
Antileishmanial (moderate) |
NA |
Antileishmanial activity of nerolidol-rich essential oil from Piper claussenianum |
|
| Leishmania species |
Nerolidol |
Antileishmanial (moderate) |
100μM |
Antileishmanial Activity of the Terpene Nerolidol |
|
| Leukemia |
α-Terpineol |
Antiproliferative (minor) |
NA |
Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of essential oils of some wild Portuguese Thymus |
|
| Lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury |
Cymene |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Protective effect of p-cymene on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice |
|
| Lipopolysaccharide plus interferon gamma triggered macrophages |
Sabinene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
29% of mixture |
Antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oenanthe crocata L. essential oil |
|
| Liver cancer |
Terpineol |
Anticancer (moderate) |
320μg/ml |
γ-terpineol inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human liver cancer BEL-7402 cells in vitro |
|
| Low feeding behaviour |
CBN (Cannabinol) |
Appetite Stimulant (minor) |
NA |
Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns |
|
| Lung adenocarcinoma |
β-Myrcene |
Antitumor (major) |
9.29% of mixture |
Composition and antitumor activities of essential oil from the fruits of Dasymaschalon trichophorum |
|
| Lung cancer |
Linalool |
Anticancer (minor) |
NA |
A comparative study of cytotoxic, membrane and DNA damaging effects of Origanum (major)ana’s essential oil and its oxygenated monoterpene component linalool on parental and epirubicin-resistant H1299 cells |
|
| MRSA |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
NA |
Antibacterial Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: A Structure−Activity Study |
|
| MRSA |
CBN (Cannabinol) |
Antibacterial (moderate) |
NA |
Antibacterial Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: A Structure−Activity Study |
|
| Macrophages and keratinocytes |
Sabinene |
Cytotoxicity (moderate) |
29.% of mixture |
Antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oenanthe crocata L. essential oil |
|
| Malaria |
Nerolidol |
Antimalarial (moderate) |
1000mg/kg |
Antimalarial activity of the terpene nerolidol |
|
| Malaria |
α-Terpineol |
Antimalarial (moderate) |
22.6% of mixture |
Composition and antimalarial activity in vitro of the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia |
|
| Malassezia furfur |
Terpinolene |
Antifungal (major) |
NA |
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Plant Essential Oils against Malassezia furfur |
|
| Mechanical hyperalgesia |
Limonene |
Antihyperalgesia (moderate) |
10mg/kg |
Antihyperalgesic and antidepressive actions of (R)-(+)-limonene, α-phellandrene, and essential oil from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits in a neuropathic pain model |
|
| Metabolic bone disorders |
Δ-3-Carene |
Bone stimulant (moderate) |
NA |
Low Concentration of 3-Carene Stimulates theDifferentiation of Mouse Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Subclone 4 Cells |
|
| Microbiological Contaminants |
Myrcene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
NA |
Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and different fractions of Juniperus communis L. and a comparison with some commercial antibiotics |
|
| Microbiological Contaminants |
Myrcene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
3.21% of mixture |
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco |
|
| Microbiological Contaminants |
Myrcene |
Antimicrobial minor |
NA |
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils |
|
| Microbiological Contaminants |
Myrcene |
Antimicrobial minor |
NA |
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia |
|
| Microbiological Contaminants |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Antimicrobial (major) |
10.5% of mixture |
Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and different fractions of Juniperus communis L. and a comparison with some commercial antibiotics |
|
| Microbiological Contaminants |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
50μg/mL |
Biological Activities of a-Pinene and β-Pinene Enantiomers |
|
| Microbiological Contaminants |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
α-pinene (9.35%),
β-pinene (3.90%) |
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Borneol |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
4.91% of mixture |
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antimicrobial (major) |
NA |
Biological Activity of Cannabichromene, its Homologs and Isomers |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
NA |
Antibacterial Cannabinoids from Cannabis satiWa: A Structure-Activity Study |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
CBC (Cannabichromene) |
Antimicrobial (major) |
NA |
Biological Activity of Cannabichromene, its Homologs and Isomers |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Camphene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
NA |
The in-vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil grown in Tunisia |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Caryophyllene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
7.8–500lg/mL |
Effects of β-caryophyllene and Murraya paniculata essential oil in the murine hepatoma cells and in the bacteria and fungi 24-h time–kill curve studies |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Caryophyllene oxide |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
60 to 80μg/ml |
Compositions and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of two Hypericum species from Turkey |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Cedrol |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
6.3% of mixture |
Volatile constituents of propolis from various regions of Greece–Antimicrobial activity |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
D-Limonene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
94% of mixture |
Orange Essential Oils Antimicrobial Activities against Salmonella spp. |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Farnesene |
Antimicrobial (major) |
51.5% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Acacia mollissima and Acacia cyclops Cultivated in Tunisia |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Guaiol |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
5% of mixture |
Volatile constituents of propolis from various regions of Greece – Antimicrobial activity |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Guaiol |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
8,
2% of mixture |
Chemical composition and evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Guaiol |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
8,
2% of mixture |
Chemical composition and evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Isoborneol |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
14.66% of mixture |
Gastroprotective activity of isopulegol on experimentally induced gastric lesions in mice: investigation of possible mechanisms of action |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Myrcene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
NA |
Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and different fractions of Juniperus communis L. and a comparison with some commercial antibiotics |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antimicrobial (major) |
NA |
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch. et Mey. Var. pectinatus (Lamiaceae) |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
5.33% of mixture |
Antimicrobial Effect of Lippia sidoides and Thymol on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm of the Bacterium Isolated from Root Canals |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antimicrobial moderate |
32.6mL/L |
Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Origanum minutiflorum O Schwarz & PH Davis |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
P-Cymene |
Antimicrobial (major) |
NA |
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch. et Mey. Var. pectinatus (Lamiaceae) |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Terpineol |
Antimicrobial (major) |
NA |
Antimicrobial effect of vapours of terpineol, (R)-(–)-linalool, carvacrol, (S)-(–)-perillaldehyde and 1,8-cineole on airborne microbes using a room diffuser |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
Terpinolene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
8.4% of mixture |
Essential oil constituents, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of Ficus mucoso and Casuarina equisetifolia leaves |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
α-Pinene / β-Pinene |
Antimicrobial (major) |
10.5% of mixture |
Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and different fractions of Juniperus communis L. and a comparison with some commercial antibiotics |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
α-Terpineol |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
13.0% of mixture |
Antimicrobial Activity of Commercial Samples of Thyme and Marjoram Oils |
|
| Microbiological Contamination |
β-Cedrene |
Antimicrobial (moderate) |
6.1% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow |
|
| Mosquito |
Eucalyptol |
Larvicidal (minor) |
100mg/L |
Bioactivity of Dianthus caryophyllus, Lepidium sativum, Pimpinella anisum, and Illicium verum essential oils and their (major) components against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens |
|
| Mosquito |
Geraniol |
Insect repellant (major) |
NA |
Efficacy of the botanical repellents geraniol, linalool, and citronella against mosquitoes |
|
| Mosquito |
Geraniol |
Insect repellant (major) |
NA |
Efficacy of the botanical repellents geraniol, linalool, and citronella against mosquitoes |
|
| Mosquito |
Geraniol |
Insect repellant (moderate) |
5% of mixture |
Indoor Protection Against Mosquito and Sand Fly Bites: A Comparison Between Citronella, Linalool, and Geraniol Candles |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Urinary Protection (moderate) |
2.5mg |
An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
2-10inhalations |
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antinociceptive (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoid-induced effects on the nociceptive system: a neurophysiological study in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Improve neurogenic symptoms (moderate) |
2.5–120mg |
A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Urinary Protection (moderate) |
2.5mg |
An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
The effect of cannabinoids on the stretch reflex in multiple sclerosis spasticity |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
4sprays |
Clinical experience with THC:CBD oromucosal spray in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
2-10inhalations |
Clinical experiences with cannabinoids in spasticity management in multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
10-15mg,
2.5-5mg |
The effect of orally and rectally administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Improve neurogenic symptoms (moderate) |
2.5–120mg |
A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antitremor (moderate) |
NA |
Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor in multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
33% of mixture |
The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS) |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
1.54% of mixture |
Short-term effects of smoking marijuana on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal volunteers |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antinociceptive (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoid-induced effects on the nociceptive system: a neurophysiological study in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
15mg/m2 |
Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractory to standard antiemetic therapy.Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
33% of mixture |
The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS) |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
>7.5mg |
Delta-9-THC in the treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antispasticity (minor) |
12mg |
The effect of cannabinoids on the stretch reflex in multiple sclerosis spasticity |
|
| Multiple sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
2.5mg |
Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
2-10inhalations |
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
Clinical experience with THC:CBD oromucosal spray in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity |
|
| Multiple sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
NA |
Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis |
|
| Multiple sclerosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
4sprays |
Clinical experiences with cannabinoids in spasticity management in multiple sclerosis |
|
| Myocardial contractility related disorders |
Eucalyptol |
Contractile Activity (cardiac muscle) |
0.01mM,
0.05mM,
0.1mM,
0.5mM |
Eucalyptol, an essential oil, reduces contractile activity in rat cardiac muscle |
|
| Nausea |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
200mg/kg |
Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, attenuates vomiting and nausea-like behaviour via indirect agonism of 5-HT1A somatodendritic autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus |
|
| Nausea |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
5mg/kg |
Interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in rats and shrews |
|
| Nausea |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
20mg/kg |
Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, attenuates vomiting and nausea-like behaviour via indirect agonism of 5-HT1A somatodendritic autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus |
|
| Nausea |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
5–0.1μg/kg |
Effect of low doses of cannabidiolic acid and ondansetron on LiCl-induced conditioned gaping (a model of nausea-induced behaviour) in rats |
|
| Nausea |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
0.5 mg/kg |
Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, attenuates vomiting and nausea-like behaviour via indirect agonism of 5-HT1A somatodendritic autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus |
|
| Nausea |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
0.5mg/kg |
Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation |
|
| Nausea |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
0.5μg/kg,
1μg/kg |
Effect of combined oral doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) on acute and anticipatory nausea in rat models |
|
| Nausea |
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) |
Antiemetic (minor) |
0.1μg/kg |
Suppression of lithium chloride-induced conditioned gaping (a model of nausea-induced behaviour) in rats (using the taste reactivity test) with metoclopramide is enhanced by cannabidiolic acid |
|
| Nausea |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Amelioration of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
|
| Nausea |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
8.4mg,
16.9mg |
Antiemetic efficacy of smoked marijuana: subjective and behavioral effects on nausea induced by syrup of ipecac |
|
| Nausea |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
8.4mg,
16.9mg |
Antiemetic efficacy of smoked marijuana: subjective and behavioral effects on nausea induced by syrup of ipecac |
|
| Nausea |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Antinausea (minor) |
10mg/kg |
Evaluation of the potential of the phytocannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), to produce CB1 receptor inverse agonism symptoms of nausea in rats |
|
| Neurodegeneration |
THCA (Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid) |
Neuroprotective (moderate) |
10μM |
Effects of cannabinoids Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiol in MPP+ affected murine mesencephalic cultures |
|
| Neuroinflammation |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
A Cannabigerol Quinone Alleviates Neuroinflammation in a Chronic Model of Multiple Sclerosis |
|
| Neurological disorders |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabidiol and (−)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants |
|
| Neuropathic Pain |
Linalool |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
(–)‐Linalool Attenuates Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain Induced by Spinal Nerve Ligation in C57/Bl6 Mice |
|
| Neuropathic Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (major) |
25mg |
Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial |
|
| Nociception |
Isopulegol |
Anotinociceptive (moderate) |
NA |
Anotinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of Isopulegol and possible mechanisms of action in rodents |
|
| Nociception |
Linalool |
Antinociceptive (moderate) |
NA |
Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil induces peripheral antinociception mediated by opioid mechanism |
|
| Obesity |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Antiobesity (moderate) |
3mg/kg |
Synthetic and plant-derived cannabinoid receptor antagonists show hypophagic properties in fasted and non-fasted mice |
|
| Obesity |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Antiobesity (moderate) |
NA |
The cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) ameliorates insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of obesity |
|
| Obesity |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Antiobesity (moderate) |
NA |
Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients |
|
| Obesity |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Antiobesity (moderate) |
NA |
Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients |
|
| Obesity |
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) |
Stimulates neural effects (moderate) |
10mg |
Neural Effects of Cannabinoid CB1 Neutral Antagonist Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Food Reward and Aversion in Healthy Volunteers |
|
| Obesity |
α-Cedrene |
Antiobesity (moderate) |
10-20mg/kg,
50-100mg/kg |
In vivo absorption and disposition of α-cedrene, a sesquiterpene constituent of cedarwood oil, in female and male rats |
|
| Oral mucositis |
Borneol |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
1.2% of mixture,
2.4% of mixture |
Anti-inflammatory and healing action of oral gel containing borneol monoterpene in chemotherapy-induced mucositis in rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) |
|
| Oral submucous fibrosis |
Borneol |
Antifibrosis (moderate) |
18.75 to 300μg/ml |
Influence of borneol on primary mice oral fibroblasts: a penetration enhancer may be used in oral submucous fibrosis |
|
| Osteoarthritis |
β-Myrcene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis |
|
| Osteoporosis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Bone Stimulant (moderate) |
NA |
Regulation of bone by cannabinoid and cannabinoid-like receptors |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
CBG (Cannabigerol) |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are involved in the protection of RAW264.7 macrophages against the oxidative stress: an in vitro study. |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Caryophyllene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
10.54% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Plants from Burkina Faso |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Caryophyllene oxide |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
17.9% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Plants from Burkina Faso |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Cymene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
Evaluation of p-cymene, a natural antioxidant |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Farnesene |
Antioxidant (major) |
51.5% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Acacia mollissima and Acacia cyclops Cultivated in Tunisia |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Guaiol |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
8,
2% of mixture |
Chemical composition and evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Myrcene |
Antioxidant (major) |
0.01μg/ml |
Protective effect of linalool, myrcene and eucalyptol against t-butyl hydroperoxide induced genotoxicity in bacteria and cultured human cells |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Myrcene |
Antioxidant (major) |
NA |
New insights into antibacterial and antioxidant activities of rosemary essential oils and their main components |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Myrcene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
Antioxidative effects of curcumin, β-myrcene and 1,8-cineole against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced oxidative stress in rats liver |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Myrcene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
The Antioxidant Properties of Thyme (Thymus zygis L.) Essential Oil: an Inhibitor of Lipid Peroxidation and a Free Radical Scavenger |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Myrcene |
Antioxidant (minor) |
NA |
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Myrcene |
Antioxidant (major) |
0.01μg/ml |
Protective effect of linalool, myrcene and eucalyptol against t-butyl hydroperoxide induced genotoxicity in bacteria and cultured human cells |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Nerolidol |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
12.5mg/kg,
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg |
Protective Effect of Nerolidol Against Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Kindling, Oxidative Stress and Associated Behavioral Comorbidities in Mice |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Nerolidol |
Antioxidant (major) |
NA |
Antioxidant evaluation of polyhydroxylated nerolidols from redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) leaves |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Nerolidol |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
75mg/kg |
Antioxidant effects of nerolidol in mice hippocampus after open field test |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Nerolidol |
Antioxidant (major) |
NA |
Antioxidant evaluation of polyhydroxylated nerolidols from redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) leaves |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
P-Cymene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch. et Mey. Var. pectinatus (Lamiaceae) |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
P-Cymene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch. et Mey. Var. pectinatus (Lamiaceae) |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
P-Cymene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
Antioxidant activity of plant extracts on the inhibition of citral off-odor formation |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Sabinene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
29% of mixture |
Antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oenanthe crocata L. essential oil |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
NA |
Reactive oxygen species and p38 phosphorylation regulate the protective effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the apoptotic response to NMDA |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antioxidant (minor) |
NA |
Understanding the Molecular Aspects of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol as Antioxidants |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Terpineol |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
NA |
Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of bioflavors |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Terpinolene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
11mg/L,
25mg/L,
50mg/L,
100mg/L,
200mg/L,
400mg/L |
Anticancer and Antioxidant Properties of Terpinolene in Rat Brain Cells |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Terpinolene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
10mg/L,
25mg/L,
50mg/L,
75mg/L |
Genotoxic and oxidative damage potentials in human lymphocytes after exposure to terpinolene in vitro |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
Terpinolene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
11mg/L,
25mg/L,
50mg/L,
100mg/L,
200mg/L,
400mg/L |
Anticancer and Antioxidant Properties of Terpinolene in Rat Brain Cells |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
α-Terpineol |
Antioxidant minor |
NA |
Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of essential oils of some wild Portuguese Thymus |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
α-Terpineol |
Antioxidant (major) |
NA |
Influence of the cultivation system in the aroma of the volatile compounds and total antioxidant activity of passion fruit |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
α-Terpineol |
Antioxidant (major) |
NA |
Influence of the cultivation system in the aroma of the volatile compounds and total antioxidant activity of passion fruit |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
α-trans-Bergamotene |
Antioxidant (major) |
29.9% of mixture |
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from leaves and flowers of Eugenia klotzschiana Berg (Myrtaceae) |
|
| Oxidative-stress related disorders |
β-Cedrene |
Antioxidant (major) |
6.1% of mixture |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow |
|
| Pain |
Borneol |
Analgesic (major) |
NA |
A clinical and mechanistic study of topical borneol‐induced analgesia |
|
| Pain |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
2.5mg |
Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 ‘N of 1’ studies |
|
| Pain |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment |
|
| Pain |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of THC:CBD Extract and THC Extract in Patients With Intractable Cancer-Related Pain |
|
| Pain |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics |
|
| Pain |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics |
|
| Pain |
Camphor |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Camphor activates and strongly desensitizes the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 channel in a vanilloid-independent mechanism |
|
| Pain |
Camphor |
Analgesic (moderate) |
200μL/L,
400μL/L,
500μL/L,
550μL/L,
600μL/L |
The anaesthetic effect of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and mint (Mentha arvensis) essential oils on clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuvier 1830) |
|
| Pain |
Camphor |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Camphor activates and strongly desensitizes the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 channel in a vanilloid-independent mechanism |
|
| Pain |
Caryophyllene oxide |
Anesthetic (moderate) |
12.5mg/kg,
25mg/kg |
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Caryophyllene oxide from Annona squamosa L. bark |
|
| Pain |
Caryophyllene oxide |
Anesthetic (moderate) |
12.5mg/kg,
25mg/kg |
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Caryophyllene oxide from Annona squamosa L. bark |
|
| Pain |
Caryophyllene oxide |
Anesthetic (moderate) |
56.9% of mixture |
Anesthetic activity of Brazilian native plants in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) |
|
| Pain |
Eucalyptol |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1,8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils |
|
| Pain |
Linalool |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Odour-induced analgesia mediated by hypothalamic orexin neurons in mice |
|
| Pain |
Linalool |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
α-Pinene, linalool, and 1-octanol contribute to the topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of frankincense by inhibiting COX-2 |
|
| Pain |
Linalool |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Odour-induced analgesia mediated by hypothalamic orexin neurons in mice |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
5mg |
Synergistic affective analgesic interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
12.3ng/mL/mg |
The Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, Safety, and Ease of Use of a Novel Portable Metered-Dose Cannabis Inhaler in Patients With Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Phase 1a Study |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
5mg |
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
2.5mg |
Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 ‘N of 1’ studies |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of THC:CBD Extract and THC Extract in Patients With Intractable Cancer-Related Pain |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
20mg |
Lack of analgesia by oral standardized cannabis extract on acute inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia in volunteers |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
8mg |
Single dose delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in chronic pancreatitis patients: analgesic efficacy, pharmacokinetics and tolerability |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
10mg,
20mg |
The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
2.5–15mg |
Delta-9-THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgia patients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
6.7% of mixture,
2.9% of mixture |
A preliminary evaluation of the relationship of cannabinoid blood concentrations with the analgesic response to vaporized cannabis |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
NA |
Open-label, add-on study of tetrahydrocannabinol for chronic nonmalignant pain |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
5mg |
Lack of analgesic efficacy of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in postoperative pain |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
20mg |
The analgesic effect of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, and a THC-morphine combination in healthy subjects under experimental pain conditions |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
0.022mg/kg,
0.044mg/kg |
Effects of intravenous tetrahydrocannabinol on experimental and surgical pain. Psychological correlates of the analgesic response |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (minor) |
NA |
Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antinociceptive (moderate) |
1mg/kg,
5mg/kg |
Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists prevent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception in rats |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antinociceptive (moderate) |
1mg/kg,
5mg/kg |
Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists prevent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception in rats |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics |
|
| Pain |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antinociceptive (moderate) |
4mg/kg |
Low dose combination of morphine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol circumvents antinociceptive tolerance and apparent desensitization of receptors |
|
| Parkinson’s disease |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
300mg |
Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial |
|
| Parkinson’s disease |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (major) |
75mg,
300mg |
Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory double-blind trial |
|
| Parkinson’s disease |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antidystonic and Parkinsonism-aggravating (moderate) |
100-600mg |
Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders |
|
| Parkinson’s disease |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
300mg |
Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial |
|
| Parkinson’s disease |
Caryophyllene |
Antiinflammatory (minor) |
50mg/kg |
β-Caryophyllene, a phytocannabinoid attenuates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, glial activation, and salvages dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson disease |
|
| Parkinson’s disease |
Caryophyllene |
Antioxidant (moderate) |
50mg/kg |
β-Caryophyllene, a phytocannabinoid attenuates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, glial activation, and salvages dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson disease |
|
| Pathological memory T cells and in Autoimmune diseases |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
NA |
Pathways and gene networks mediating the regulatory effects of cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, in autoimmune T cells |
|
| Pediculus humanus humanus |
Geraniol |
Insect repellent (moderate) |
NA |
Repellency of essential oils and their components to the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus |
|
| Periodontal disease |
β-Caryophyllene |
Antibacterial (major) |
NA |
Use of β-caryophyllene to combat bacterial dental plaque formation in dogs |
|
| Periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria |
Terpineol |
Antimicrobial (minor) |
NA |
Antimicrobial effect of linalool and α-terpineol against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria |
|
| Peripheral pain response |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
(+)-Cannabidiol analogues which bind cannabinoid receptors but exert peripheral activity only |
|
| Phytopathogenic bacteria |
Camphene |
Antibacterial (major) |
5000 MIC,
mg/L |
Evaluation of antibacterial properties and biochemical effects of monoterpenes on plant pathogenic bacteria |
|
| Phytopathogenic fungi |
Camphene |
Antifungal (major) |
NA |
Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Artemisia nilagirica essential oil growing in nort |
|
| Phytopathogenic fungi |
Cymene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
2% of mixture |
Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene |
|
| Phytopathogenic fungi |
P-Cymene |
Antifungal (major) |
NA |
Antifungal Effects of Volatile Compounds from Black Zira (Bunium persicum) and Other Spices and Herbs |
|
| Phytopathogenic fungi |
β-Caryophyllene |
Antifungal (moderate) |
16.98% of mixture |
Chemical composition and antifungal properties of the essential oil and various extracts of Mikania scandens (L.) Willd |
|
| Pleurisy |
α-trans-Bergamotene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
7% of mixture |
Pharmacological evaluation of Copaifera multijuga oil in rats |
|
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
32mg |
Cannabidiol enhances consolidation of explicit fear extinction in humans |
|
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabinoid facilitation of fear extinction memory recall in humans |
|
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antidepressant (moderate) |
5mg |
Preliminary, open-label, pilot study of add-on oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder |
|
| Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
32mg |
Cannabidiol enhances consolidation of explicit fear extinction in humans |
|
| Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Anxiolytic (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabidiol blocks long-lasting behavioral consequences of predator threat stress: Possible involvement of 5HT1A receptors |
|
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 |
Phellandrene |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
50mg/kg,
100mg/kg,
200mg/kg |
α-Phellandrene, a cyclic monoterpene, attenuates inflammatory response through neutrophil migration inhibition and mast cell degranulation |
|
| Prostate cancer |
Geraniol |
Anticancer (major) |
NA |
Geraniol induces cooperative interaction of apoptosis and autophagy to elicit cell death in PC-3 prostate cancer cells |
|
| Prostate cancer |
Linalool |
Anticancer (moderate) |
NA |
Anticancer Activity of Linalool Terpenoid: Apoptosis Induction and Cell Cycle Arrest in Prostate Cancer Cells |
|
| Psychotic Experiences |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antipsychotic (minor) |
NA |
Cannabis with high cannabidiol content is associated with fewer psychotic experiences |
|
| Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) |
Camphor |
Insecticide (major) |
36.61% of mixture |
Fumigant Toxicity and Repellence Activity of Camphor Essential Oil from Cinnamonum camphora Siebold Against Solenopsis invicta Workers (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) |
|
| Reflexes |
Linalool |
Anesthetic (moderate) |
0.01 – 10μg/ml |
Local Anaesthetic Activity of the Essential Oil of Lavandula angustifolia |
|
| Retinal Inflammatory |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Mediation of Cannabidiol Anti-inflammation in the Retina by Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter and A2A Adenosine Receptor |
|
| Rheumatic Diseases |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (moderate) |
NA |
Cannabidiol—transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model |
|
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
β-Caryophyllene |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
100mg/kg,
300mg/kg |
Anti-Arthritic and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Beta Caryophyllene against Freund’s Complete Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Wistar Rats |
|
| Schizophrenia |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antipsychotic (moderate) |
0.3μM,
1μM,
3μM,
10μM,
30μM |
Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
| Schizophrenia |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antipsychotic (moderate) |
2.5mg,
5mg |
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction |
|
| Seizures |
Caryophyllene |
Neuroprotective (major) |
NA |
Neuroprotective Effects of Trans-Caryophyllene Against Kainic Acid Induced Seizure Activity and Oxidative Stress in Mice |
|
| Seizures |
Caryophyllene |
Anticonvulsant (minor) |
100mg/kg |
Anticonvulsant activity of β-caryophyllene against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures |
|
| Seizures |
Isopulegol |
Anticonvulsant (major) |
NA |
Effects of isopulegol on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice: possible involvement of GABAergic system and antioxidant activity |
|
| Sepsis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (minor) |
NA |
Effect of cannabidiol on sepsis-induced motility disturbances in mice: involvement of CB1 receptors and fatty acid amide hydrolase |
|
| Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum adults |
Cymene |
Insecticidal (moderate) |
2% of mixture |
Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene |
|
| Skin tumorigenesis |
D-Limonene |
Chemopreventive (major) |
50mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
d-Limonene modulates inflammation, oxidative stress and Ras-ERK pathway to inhibit murine skin tumorigenesis |
|
| Sleep Apnea |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Improves sleep (moderate) |
20mg |
Around-the-clock oral THC effects on sleep in male chronic daily cannabis smokers |
|
| Sleep deprivation |
Limonene |
Relaxant (moderate) |
100mg/kg,
200mg/kg |
Central effects of citral, myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba (Mill.) n.e. Brown |
|
| Sleep deprivation |
Myrcene |
Relaxant (moderate) |
100mg/kg,
200mg/kg |
Central effects of citral, myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba (Mill.) n.e. Brown |
|
| Spasticity |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antispasticity (minor) |
NA |
Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis |
|
| Spasticity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
10 or 5mg |
Treatment of human spasticity with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
|
| Spasticity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (minor) |
NA |
Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial |
|
| Spasticity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
15–20mg |
The treatment of spasticity with Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury |
|
| Spasticity |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antispasticity (moderate) |
10 or 5mg |
Treatment of human spasticity with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
|
| Spinal injury |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Neuroprotectant (moderate) |
20mg/kg |
Cannabidiol-treated Rats Exhibited Higher Motor Score After Cryogenic Spinal Cord Injury |
|
| Stress |
Guaiol |
Anesthetic (minor) |
NA |
Anesthetic activity and bio-guided fractionation of the essential oil of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen |
|
| Superficial scald |
Farnesene |
Antioxidant (minor) |
NA |
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples. V.—Oxidation of α-farnesene and its inhibition by diphenylamine |
|
| TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation |
D-Limonene |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
10mg/kg |
Oral administration of d-Limonene controls inflammation in rat colitis and displays anti-inflammatory properties as diet supplementation in humans |
|
| Tension of the blood vessel walls |
Borneol |
Vasorelaxant (moderate) |
NA |
Investigation of Mechanisms Involved in (−)-Borneol-Induced Vasorelaxant Response on Rat Thoracic Aorta |
|
| Thrombosis |
Borneol |
Anthrombotic (moderate) |
NA |
The Antithrombotic Effect of Borneol Related to Its Anticoagulant Property |
|
| Tonic-clonic seizure |
CBN (Cannabinol) |
Anticonvulsant (moderate) |
NA |
Anticonvulsant properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids |
|
| Tourette |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antihyperactivity (moderate) |
NA |
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial |
|
| Tourette’s Syndrome |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antihyperactivity (moderate) |
10mg |
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial |
|
| Tourette’s Syndrome |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antihyperactivity (moderate) |
10mg |
Treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
|
| Tourette’s Syndrome |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antihyperactivity (moderate) |
NA |
Oral Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol improved refractory Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in an adolescent by increasing intracortical inhibition: a case report |
|
| Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antigastroesophageal reflux (moderate) |
20mg |
Effect of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the triggering of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in dogs and humans |
|
| Traumatic Brain Injury |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Neuroprotective (moderate) |
NA |
Effect of marijuana use on outcomes in traumatic brain injury |
|
| Tribolium castaneum |
Pulegone |
Insecticidal (moderate) |
0.8-26.6% of mixture |
Chemical characterization and insecticidal properties of essential oils from different wild populations of Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley from Morocco |
|
| Tumor |
CBN (Cannabinol) |
Antitumor (moderate) |
100mg/kg,
200mg/kg,
50mg/kg |
Antineoplastic Activity of Cannabinoids |
|
| Tumor |
β-Caryophyllene |
Antitumor (major) |
NA |
β-Caryophyllene potently inhibits solid tumor growth and lymph node metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells in high-fat diet–induced obese C57BL/6N mice |
|
| Uveitis |
CBD (Cannabidiol) |
Antiinflammatory (major) |
5mg/kg |
Neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol in endotoxin-induced uveitis: critical role of p38 MAPK activation |
|
| Vomiting |
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) |
Antiemetic (moderate) |
NA |
Tetrahydrocannabinol vs. prochlorperazine. The effects of two antiemetics on patients undergoing radiotherapy |
|
| Writhe |
Limonene |
Antinociceptive (moderate) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
75mg/kg |
Physio-pharmacological Investigations About the Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Efficacy of (+)-Limonene Epoxide |
|
| Writhe |
Linalool |
Antinociception (moderate) |
25mg/kg,
75mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
(−)-Linalool produces antinociception in two experimental models of pain |
|
| Writhe |
P-Cymene |
Antinociceptive (major) |
25mg/kg,
50mg/kg,
100mg/kg |
Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Properties of p-Cymene in Mice |
|
| Writhe |
Terpineol |
Analgesic (moderate) |
NA |
A Study on Anti-Inflammatory and Peripheral Analgesic Action of Salvia sclarea Oil and Its Main Components |
|
